Finale Arranging and Production Glossary

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Accelerando - Increase in tempo for a musical passage
Adaptation - The process of rearranging a piece of music to make it more suitable for a specific ensemble, style, or performance context.
Aftertouch - A Note-level MIDI signal representing Channel Pressure (Monophonic Aftertouch) or Key Pressure (Polyphonic Aftertouch).
Alternate notation - Alternate methods of notating music, such as slash notation, or one and two-bar repeat symbols.
Appoggiatura - Non-harmonic tone preceded by skip from a chord tone, followed by resolution to a neighboring chord tone
Approaches - Similar to lead-ins, these melodic fragments pass through non-harmonic tones to arrive at a chord tone
Arrangement - refers to the structure and order of musical elements in a composition, such as melody, harmony, rhythm, and instrumentation.
Arranging - The process of adapting a piece of music for a different ensemble, style, or performance context.
Articulations -
Alteration in sound dynamics, duration, or technique by the player, as suggested by markings in a musical score
Assignment List - A list of staves designated for expression assignment. An Assignment List can be chosen directly from the Assign drop-down menu of the Expression Selection dialog box. Assignment Lists are defined in the Assign to Staves dialog box.
Augmentation - The process of making a piece of music sound more complex or interesting, often by adding more parts or elaborating on the harmonies.
Aux - Channel strips in a DAW offering additonal in-out routing with support for additional plugins
Auxes - Channel strips in a DAW offering additonal in-out routing with support for additional plugins

Bar - A line that separates measures in sheet music.
Bar Numbers - Small numbers, usually at the beginning of a line, indicating exact location within a musical part or score
Baseline - An imaginary line used to align the bottom edge of font characters. Finale displays arrows that control the baseline positioning for lyrics and chords.
Beam - A horizontal line connecting multiple eighth or sixteenth notes to show that they are played as a group.
Beat Chart - A set of handles (accessed through the Measure tool) used to adjust the horizontal position of notes. Handles appear either on the beat (Beat Spacing) or on each note of a measure (Note Spacing). Adjusting the handle for one note or beat will move the notes in all staves at once, keeping them rhythmically aligned.
Bends - Manipulation of pitch for expressive effect
Bookmark - A particular position on the Page (Page View), or a measure (Scroll View) that can be saved and recalled.
BPM (Beats Per Minute) - a measurement of tempo, which represents the number of beats occurring in one minute.
Bridge - A song section type common in American Songbook tunes, usually containing a markedly different chord progression; commonly the "B" section of an AABA or ABA form.
Broadway Copyist - A font that looks like handwritten notation typically seen in Jazz and Studio music.
Bus - Internal signal routing in a DAW creating a path to an auxiliary channel strip

Cadence - A harmonic progression from tension through resolution
Changes - Jazz shorthand for Chord Changes; the chord progression
Channel - MIDI channels are used to transmit and receive MIDI information such as note on and note off messages as well as controller and patch information to your MIDI device(s).
Chord - Two or more notes played simultaneously; a group of three or more notes played or sung at the same time to create harmony.
Chord Progression - A sequence of harmonic events consisting of changing chords
Chorus - A section of music usually referencing the title of the song, also known as a "hook." Also can refer to a type of ensemble consisting of a collection of singers, or in Jazz, one time through the entire progression of a song or tune, which repeats with variations or solos throughout the piece.
Clef - A symbol placed at the beginning of the staff that determines the pitch of the notes on the lines and spaces.
Clip files - A Finale file similar to a Clipboard file that can actually be saved to or loaded from your hard drive to copy or paste into Finale files. They are created by holding the CTRL key down while choosing Cut or Copy from Finale's Edit menu.
Coda - A type of musical ending arrived at by skipping from earlier section, indicated by coda marks at both the skip and arrival points
Coda Mark - A symbol indicating the end of a piece or section of music, referring the performer to a coda section elsewhere in the piece.
Compression - a process that reduces the dynamic range of audio signals, making loud sounds quieter and quiet sounds louder.
Conductor's Beat - The rhythmic pattern established by the conductor to keep the ensemble together.
Context-Click - To context-click, right-click the item you would like to edit. A context menu appears with one or more options. Most items can be context-clicked with the Selection tool.
Contextual Menu - A temporary menu that pops up by either right-clicking or option-clicking (Mac) or control-clicking (PC)
Continuous Controller - Often referred to by its abbreviation "CC," either followed by "#" and a number, or just the number: CC#11, Expression or CC#1, Modulation
Continuous data - Continuous Data is a broad MIDI term which includes both Controller data, such as volume or aftertouch, as well as patch, pedaling, and pitch wheel information. Continuous Data is not associated with particular notes, but is stored with measures or Regions.
Countermelody - An element of an arrangement adding a sense of commentary and completion in complement to a melody
Counterpoint - The art of combining two or more melodic lines in such a way that they complement each other harmonically while retaining their independence as melodic lines.
Cue - A short, simple melodic fragment played by one instrument to cue another instrument or section to enter.

DAW - Digital Audio Workstation. Some are: Ableton Live, FL Studio, Logic Pro X, Cubase, Pro Tools, Studio One, Reason, Reaper, Digital Performer, Bitwig Studio, Samplitude Pro X, GarageBand (Mac), Cakewalk by BandLab, Presonus Studio One, Tracktion Waveform
DAW (Digital Audio Workstation) - Software that is used to record, edit, and produce music.
Default Document -
A type of Finale file that can be used as a starting point for the creation of new documents
Default Music Font - The Default Music Font defines which font is used for notational elements like noteheads, rests, tablature, accidentals, key signatures, time signatures, and articulations in a document.
Demo - A recording created to preview the content of a show or song. Demos can also become master recordings.
Direction - Instructions for an arranger or composer indicating style, instrumentation, mood, and purpose
Document Style - A Document Style is a model document with settings that can be inherited by new scores created with the Setup Wizard. Document Styles differ from templates in that you still need to specify which instruments appear in your score; you can also associate a Document Style with a particular Setup Wizard ensemble so that it is always used for that ensemble. Like templates, Document Styles can use the Finale Template File extension, .FTMX, or they can be regular MUSX files.
Double-press - Press the keystroke twice in rapid succession.
DS - Instruction to skip back to a mark earlier in the piece, usually leading to a coda sign
Dynamics - The relative loudness or softness of an element of piece of music, indicated by symbols, or controlled by MIDI values

Echo - A form of countermelody, restating the previous melodic passage in the musical space that follows it
EDO - Equal division of the octave. A term describing how many equally-spaced steps there are per octave in a given equal temperament system. For example, in 12-tone equal temperament (the Western chromatic scale), there are 12 notes per octave, each equivalent to one half-step. This is represented as 12-EDO.
EDU - EDUs, or ENIGMA Duration Units, are Finale's high-resolution measurement for the duration of notes and rests, defined as 1024 EDUs per quarter note.
Ending - Additional music designed to create a sense of finality at the end of an arrangement, piece or track
Envelope - A component of a synthesizer that shapes the sound over time, affecting the volume, timbre, or other aspects of the sound.
EQ (Equalization) - A processor that adjusts the balance between different frequency ranges in an audio signal.
Escape Tone (Echapée) - Harmonic tone followed by a stepwise move to a non-harmonic pitch followed by a skip to a chord tone
EVPU - EVPUs, or ENIGMA Virtual Page Units, are Finale's units of measurement for the size and spacing of your music, defined as 288 EVPUs per inch or 24 EVPUs per space. You can convert measurements in any dialog into more common units such as inches, centimeters, points or spaces with shortcuts - for example, for a distance of 2 staff spaces, enter "2s," or "0.01i" for a hundredth of an inch
Expressions -
Musical instructions in the score including dynamics, tempo, instrumentation, cast names, musical directions and other elements, or in Finale's case, a means to inject other MIDI data and instructions into the playback performance or MIDI stream

Filling out - The process of adding additional parts to an arrangement to create a fuller sound.
Filter - a process that removes or reduces certain frequency ranges from an audio signal.
Finale Script - is Finale's built-in scripting environment allowing multi-step operations to be performed by a single keyboard shortcut.
First Ending - Bars of music occurring at the end of a repeated section, played only after the first time through
Form - The structure or organization of a piece of music, including its sections, repetitions, and overall shape.
Frame - A frame is a layer that contains one measure's worth of music. You can have up to four layers of music per measure, so one measure can contain up to four frames.
Frequency - a measurement of the number of oscillations per second of a sound wave, which determines its pitch.
Fundamental - Lowest, most predominant perceived pitch of a musical tone

Handle - A small square which appears on currently "selectable" elements in the score. Handles allow you to select, edit and adjust musical elements in the score.
Harmonic Progression - A series of chords that move in a certain pattern or sequence to provide the underlying structure for a piece of music, also referred to as chord progression
Harmonic Series - Array of notes contained within a pitch with a mathematical (rationic) relationship to the "fundamental," which is the container note for all the rationic subcomponents. Also see "Overtone Series"
Harmonic structure - The arrangement of chords and harmonies in a piece of music.
Harmonics - Overtones that are present in a sound, which contribute to its timbre.
Harmony - 1. The result of notes sounding together to create a sense of musical logic or agreement 2. Supporting musical material 3. A sense of musical environment
Human Playback - Finale's built-in algorithms designed to interpret score markings to create audible changes in dynamics, note durations, and instrument techniques. Human Playback generates useful MIDI controller and keyswitch data that can save time editing in a DAW.
HyperScribe - A patented method of entering music in Finale by transcribing a real-time MIDI performance into notation.

I/O - Signal routing within a recording workstation
Improvisation - Spontaneous composition of melody from practiced or prepared melodic patterns consisting of ideas including melodic ornamentation of chord tones, patterns, scales or sequences
Insert - Text inserts are shortcodes that allow you to share the same text information on multiple pages (such as a title or part name) or easily add characters with special properties (like page numbers or musical symbols) without manually entering information. Create inserts using the Text > Inserts submenu.
Insertion Cursor - When drag-copying and pasting/inserting stacks, Finale displays a green border/insertion cursor if the specified target is eligible for a stack paste/insert. Finale displays a red border/insertion cursor if the specified target is not eligible for a stack paste/insert.
Instrument - In terms of the Finale interface, an instrument refers to the collection of settings for each row listed under the Instrument column of the ScoreManager. These include staff properties (staff name, transposition, clef, etc.), playback sound, channel, and other settings. An instrument may include more than one staff (e.g a piano grand staff).
Instrumentation - The array of different instruments or sounds incorporated in a musical score
Interlude - Musical section creating a different mood or respite between sections.
Intro - Musical material introducing the main melody or vocal entrance
Inversion - A melodic varian consisting of a mirrored version of a melodic array

Jazz font - A font that looks like handwritten notation typically seen in Jazz and Studio music.

Key - The group of pitches, or tonality, that a piece of music is centered around.
Key signature - a group of sharp or flat symbols placed at the beginning of a piece of music that indicate the key in which the piece should be played
Key velocity - Refers to the pressure or force with which a piano-style key is depressed.
Keyboard equivalent - A shortcut or alternate method of choosing a menu command, or performing a function.
Keyboard Maestro - A scripting environment on the Mac capable of saving hours of work, used by power users to trigger scripts, often from collections of scripts organized into palettes

Landscape orientation - A positioning of the printed page so that it is that is wider than it is tall.
Layer - An independent overlay of music in the same measure. The layer selection buttons appear in the lower left corner of your Finale window, indicating which layer is active.
Lead-Ins - A sequence of tones approaching a target or chord tone chromatically, diatonically, intervalically, or some combination of those
Learned chord - Designed for automatic playback of chord symbols, configurable by the user.
LFO - A low-frequency oscillator that modulates other components of a synthesizer to create modulation effects, such as vibrato or tremolo.
Library - Sets of musical symbols, expression markings, and other important musical elements stored as independent files that can be exported and imported to Finale
Lock - A lock symbol indicates that aspects of the score layout are fixed. These symbols can be shown or hidden with the View menu in Finale.
Lower Neighbor - Non-harmonic tone a diatonic or chromatic step below a chord tone
Lua - A programming language popular with Finale power users, enabling the rapid completion of a vast array of tasks, removing much of the tedium from data entry in Finale

Maestro - One of Finale's music character fonts. Both TrueType and PostScript versions are supported.
Master - 1. Intellectual property consisting of a sound recording 2. The process of optimizing a mix through further signal processing to adjust presence, timbre, loudness, and tone
Master expression - All expressions that are subject to a Score List include a master expression, which is the first occurrence of the expression (vertically) in the score. When you drag this expression, all other occurrences of the expression (in both the score and parts) move uniformly. Press ` (tilde) while dragging a master expression to move it independently.
Measure - A unit of musical time, defined by a specific number of beats.
Melody - A series of single pitches (notes) played in a sequence to create a musical line.
Metatool - Finale's programmable keyboard shortcuts that let you enter markings very quickly.
MIDI - MIDI is a data protocol with information that enables computers and other sequencers to perform music according to the instructions it contains.
MIDI File - A type of file written in a standardized format that can be understood by music programs from different manufacturers so that one file can be used in several different programs.
MIDI interface - A MIDI interface is a device that translates the signals arriving from a MIDI keyboard into signals that the computer understands and vice versa. Most contemporary keyboards have them built-in.
MIDI Thru - MIDI Thru is the MIDI configuration whereby you play MIDI notes (or another controller) on a MIDI device, the MIDI signal travels to your computer, and the computer, in turn, sends the signal to a second MIDI output device—the one that actually produces the sound.
Mirroring - See "Inversion"
Mix - 1. Collection of individual tracks or parts 2. The process of adjusting relative sound levels, processing and placement within a sonic realm 3. The result of sonic recording and processing
Mixing - the process of balancing and blending individual tracks into a final master recording.
Modulation - The process of changing from one key to another within a piece of music.
Mordant - A quick turn to a neighbor tone followed by the original tone
Multi - A single multi-channel, multi-output instance of a virtual instrument in a digital music mixing environment
Multis - Multi-channel, multi-output instances of virtual instruments in a digital music mixing environment
MUS - MUS or .mus. A standard MakeMusic notation or music file used through Finale 2012.
Music arranging - is the process of taking a piece of music and adapting it for a specific ensemble, style, or performance context. Here is a list of terms commonly used in music arranging:
Music composition - involves the creation of music through the use of various elements such as melody, harmony, rhythm, form, and timbre.
MusicXML - A standard open format for exchanging digital sheet music. MusicXML provides a solution for tasks such as publishing interactive musical scores on the Internet and collaborating with other musicians who use different music applications.
MUSX - MUSX or .musx. A Finale Notation File is the standard MakeMusic notation or music file, introduced in Finale 2014. It can be read by either the Mac or Windows version of Finale.

Non-standard key signature - A key not based on a 12 tone scale that supports a harmonic scheme around a circle of Fifths. For example, a quarter tone scale.
Notation - A system of symbols used to write down music.
Note - a symbol used to represent a specific pitch and duration
Note off - MIDI signals that instruct MIDI instruments to stop playing a note
Note on - MIDI signals that instruct MIDI instruments to start playing a note
Note Type - A Note Type is the instrument assignment paradigm used for percussion notation and is part of a staff's percussion layout. Note Types and their corresponding MIDI notes can be referenced and edited in the Percussion MIDI Map Editor dialog box. The staff position and noteheads of a Note Type can be edited in the Percussion Layout Designer dialog box.
Note-Level - Refers to MIDI data associated with a particular note, vs Continuous Controller information that changes independently from individual notes

Octave - A range of eight notes, starting with a particular note and ending with the next instance of that same note, either higher or lower in pitch.
Orchestration - The art and science of arranging music for an orchestra, including the assignment of individual parts to different instruments and the creation of a score.
Origin - A handle in the Shape Designer that anchors your shape, acts as the zero point for the rulers and positioning coordinates, and indicates where your shape’s handle will appear once you’ve placed it into the score. The origin appears as a small circle in the center of the drawing area.
Ornamentation - Additional musical notes inserted to decorate a melody through a variety of methods, including trills, turns, mordants, approach tones, upper and lower neighbors, appoggiaturas, passing tones, lead-ins, bends and suspensions
Overtone Series - Sub-components of a musical tone arrayed in a series of ratios, theoretically to infinity

Panning - the process of adjusting the stereo positioning of a sound in a mix, determining its location between the left and right speakers.
Parts - Individual pieces of music, each designed to be performed by a single musician or section of an ensemble.
Passing tone - Non-harmonic tone between 2 harmonic tones, usually diatonic
Patch - Applying within Finale's MIDI Playback environment referring to particular instrument sounds within a MIDI channel, consisting of a simple sound choice from an instrument list, or a combination of bank and program changes.
Percussion Layout - A percussion layout is a list of percussion instrument variables available for use in a staff. These variables include staff position, notehead style, and Note Type (snare drum, cymbals, etc.). Percussion Layouts are defined in the Percussion Layout Designer dialog box.
Percussion MIDI Map - A Percussion MIDI Map is simply a list that matches each percussion instrument in a sound library with a particular MIDI note number (e.g. bass drum = 36, snare drum = 38, etc.). These maps are required to properly assign the same percussion notation to various playback devices, and are also used to accommodate the many different percussion sound banks that can be used for input with an external MIDI device.
Physical Modeling Synthesis - A type of synthesis that models the physical behavior of instruments to generate sound.
Pit - Space in front of and below the stage for the orchestra or band; or any offstage space where the orchestra is located for live performance
Pitch - The perceived highness or lowness of a sound, determined by the frequency of the sound wave.
Pitch wheel - As you move the pitch wheel up or down (on MIDI keyboards so equipped), the pitch of the entire keyboard shifts up or down by an amount you program on the MIDI keyboard itself. Finale records and plays back pitch bends (the smoothly graduated, continuous shift of pitch that occurs when you use the pitch wheel).
Plug-in - Plug-ins extend abilities to the existing program and are usually written as separate applications by various engineers.
Plugin - A software application for processing audio signal or MIDI information, including effects and virtual instruments
Plunk Tracks - Reference audio tracks containing the melody only, to be used as a guide for vocalists in learning or recording a track
Portrait orientation - A positioning of the printed page so that it is taller than it is wide.
Positioning triangles - Several tools provide four positioning triangles to the left of the score that allow you to vertically adjust the baseline for items in the adjacent staff. These triangles can be used to position lyrics, chords, and expressions. The leftmost triangle positions items for every staff in the score in all systems. The second triangle from the left positions items in the adjacent staff. The third triangle from the left positions items in the adjacent staff in the adjacent system only. The fourth triangle from the left specifies the vertical positioning for the next item entered.

Quantization - A process defining the rounding of rhythmic values of notes, either on note entry or re-transcription of data already entered in FInale

Reduction - The process of creating a simplified arrangement of a piece of music for a smaller ensemble.
Region Automation - MIDI information in the form of a line representing values either constant, or changing over time, associated with a particular block of MIDI or Audio information in the track containing it.
Region-Level - MIDI information contained within a discrete block of information inside a track
Rehearsal Marks - Letters or numbers in the score indicating the location within a piece
Release - Following the building of tension, arrival at a resolution. In England, is synonymous with "bridge"
Repeats - Markings defining a section of music to be played again
Resolution - Release of musical tension
Rest - a symbol used to indicate a pause or silence in music
Retrograde - A melodic variant consisting of a melody or melodic fragment written or played in reverse order
Reverb - a type of audio effect that simulates the natural reflection of sound in a room.
Revision - A rewrite or other modification of a musical score, track, or recorded performance
Rhythm - The pattern of beats and accentuations in music within a virtual grid governing the timing of events within it
Ritardando - Decrease in tempo for a musical passage

Sampler - a device or software that allows you to play back recorded sounds and manipulate them in various ways.
Scale - A sequence of pitches organized in ascending or descending order from which a harmonic series can be derived
Score - A written representation of a piece of music, including the notation for all parts of an ensemble.
Score List - Score lists are applied to expressions that apply to the full score including tempo marks, tempo alterations, and rehearsal marks. They indicate the staves on which these expressions should appear and can be edited in the Category Designer dialog box.
Sequence - 1. Array of musical notes in a repeating pattern; 2. An arrangement of MIDI events
Sequencer - A digital tool for creating arrangements consisting of sets of MIDI instructions
Shape Expression - A graphic expression mark, such as a vertical bracket, grand pause, or hairpin, added to the score with the Expression tools.
Shortcodes - Known as "Inserts" in Finale, Shortcodes represent data stored elsewhere, which in Finale is fields in the File Info tab of the Score Manager
Simple Entry -
A mode of note entry in Finale often preferred by beginning users without a MIDI keyboard, allowing for direct clicking of notes into the score
Simple Entry caret - The Simple Entry caret is a vertical line in a Finale score that indicates where the next note entered will appear.
Simplification - The process of making a piece of music easier to play or sing, often by reducing the number of parts or simplifying the harmonies.
Slash - 1. A slash through a number indicates the note should be raised a half step; 2. A character in Jazz or Pop notation indicating improvised content such as drum beats or instrumental solos
Smart Shape - Curves and lines that expand and compress if a measure width changes, including slurs, pedal marks, glisses, bends, and Octavo marks
SmartMusic SoftSynth - A set of General MIDI sounds included with Finale, provided for MIDI playback and as a plug-in for VST playback.
SMuFL - Standard Music Font Layout is a font specification providing a standard way of mapping the thousands of musical symbols required by conventional music notation, integrated into Finale with version 26.
Sounds Like - Guidance given to an arranger or composer in the choice of style for their work
Speedy Entry -
A type of note entry in Finale favored by advanced users, enabling rapid entry of notes multiphonically with a MIDI keyboard
Stack - A selected region including full measures in every staff is called a measure "stack" and is indicated by highlighting extending from the top to the bottom staff, including the area between staves.
Staff Set - A particular group of staves displayed in Scroll View, using the View menu, displaying only the staves you need to edit, rather than all the staves in the score. Some playback functions will not operate as expected with using Staff sets, unless the top staff is always included in the Staff set.
Stems - Individual tracks extracted or exported from a mix as individual sound files
Streamdeck - is an external data entry device used by some advanced users for entry of scripted commands
Surround tones - Melodic ornaments consisting of notes on either side of a harmonic tone
Suspension - Non-harmonic tone, either carried over or introduced, that resolves to a chord tone
Sweetening - An instrumental arrangement created to overlay an existing track
Syncopation - A rhythmic device that involves accenting a weak beat, creating a sense of rhythmic tension.
Synthesizer - an electronic instrument that generates sound through the use of oscillators, filters, and other sound-shaping components.
System - A system is one line of connected staves across the page.

Tempo - The speed at which a piece of music is performed, often indicated in beats per minute.
Tempo Map - Component in MIDI data defining the tempo and tempo changes in a musical piece or track
Tension - Temporary music dissonance or increased density, usually climaxing in a Release
Text block - Text created and edited in the score that is enclosed in a "Standard" rectangular frame for which a border can be displayed, or a "Custom" frame that you create, placed anywhere in the score, associated either with a location on a particular page or range of pages, or associated with a particular bar.
Text Expression - Is added to the score with the Expression tool, containing information for display in the score, or non-printing information controlling playback
Tie - A curved line connecting two notes of the same pitch, indicating that they are to be played as a single, sustained note.
Timbre - The unique tonal quality of a sound, often described in terms of its texture, color, or tone quality.
Time Signature - A symbol written at the beginning of a piece of music indicating the number of beats in each measure and the type of note that receives one beat.
Track - A location where one records or plays back a musical message — usually a portion of the total arrangement. Tracks are for convenience; channels are required.
Track Automation - in Logic Pro X, refers to Continuous Controller information that governs all regions in a track
Track Production - Assembling, editing and combining audio elements including instruments, vocals and effects into a finished mix
Track-Level - MIDI information that affects the output of all regions within a particular track
Tracking - the process of recording individual instrument or vocal tracks in a music production.
Transcription - The process of notating a piece of music as it is performed, either by ear, re-organization of MIDI data, or by ear from a recording.
Transposition - The process of changing the key of a piece of music.
Transtions - Musical material providing a respite or cadence from one musical section to another, possibly including a modulation
Trigger - In Finale, the term "trigger" describes a keyboard shortcut that is used to display the Waiting for Input dialog box while entering music with the Simple Entry caret. Once displayed, a Metatool key can be used to enter certain markings, or the marking can be chosen from a selection dialog box.
Trill - A melodic ornament consisting of rapid back-and-forth motion to a neighbor tone
Tuplet - The subdivision of notes into a given number of beats (i.e. 3 into 2). Includes triplets, quintuplets, septuplets, etc.

Upper Neighbor - Non-harmonic tone a diatonic or chromatic step above a chord tone

Vamp - Section of music that repeats verbatim underneath a lead line
Verse - A section of a song introducing ideas, images, or story elements being conveyed by the lyric, setting up the chorus
Voice - Finale offers the ability to add a second note entry with its own stem within one of its 4 Layers, particularly useful for some choral notation, but duplicative in function to Layers
Voicing - The distribution of musical notes between different parts in an ensemble; the intervallic structure of a harmonic array
Volume - The perceived loudness of a sound, determined by its amplitude.

Word extension - An underline that is used to indicate that a syllable is being sustained through more than one note.

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